What technology stack does Solana software use?

Solana's highly efficient blockchain is made up of five fundamental breakthroughs: 



A Clock Before Consensus: Proof of History 

Nodes in a distributed network cannot trust the timestamp on messages received from other nodes, making it difficult to agree on the order in which events occur in a distributed network. 

By establishing a cryptographically safe source of time, Proof of History (PoH) is used to overcome this issue. It is a high-frequency Verifiable Delay Function (VDF) that takes a certain number of steps to evaluate yet provides a unique result that is publicly verifiable and can be verified. Nodes can generate the next block without aligning themselves with the entire network because they can trust the date and sequence of messages they've received. Consensus costs are reduced as a result of this. 


Turbine: A Protocol for Block Propagation 

A separate but linked protocol, Turbine, is used by Solana to transmit blocks (share blocks between validators). The Turbine was built for streaming and is heavily influenced by BitTorrent. If you stream a block, it is broken up and sent to many different peers, each receiving a small packet with an erasure code to ensure no one can read it. 


Tower BFT: PBFT with PoH in mind. 

Solana uses a consensus on network transactions dubbed Tower BFT, a PBFT-like algorithm built on top of Proof of History to reach a consensus on network transactions. 

Essentially, when a node on the chain votes for one fork, that node agrees to be blocked from voting on the other. Voting on the same fork increases the time it takes to lock them out exponentially, up to a maximum lockout of 32 votes. Nodes on the network will receive inflation incentives if they reach this maximum vote lockout. 


Validation pipeline: A TPU for transaction processing optimization. 

The transaction validation process on the Solana network utilizes pipelining, a CPU design improvement, to the fullest extent. Pipelining is a suitable method for processing a data stream that different hardware must process sequentially. There are four stages in the Solana network's


Transaction Processing Unit (TPU):

  • Data Fetching at the kernel level

  • Signature verification at GPU level

  • Banking at the CPU level

  • Writing at the kernel level

The TPU has already collected and started signing the next packets to begin sending blocks. 


Distributed ledger storage (archives) 

High-performance networks for data storage and maintenance are expected to become a key vector for centralization. If storage costs are too high, only well-funded institutions will be able to serve as validators and participate in consensus. Archivers, a network of nodes on Solana, are in charge of storing data delegated by validators. Restoration workers do not hold consensus meetings. The history of the network is dispersed. Archivers save only a portion of the network for future use. We expect the Archivers to be asked to demonstrate that they are storing all of our network's data regularly. Using Proofs of Replication (PoRep), Solana relies on Filecoin's influence on the technology.


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